2013.008

Grant Contract Work

Collected by Staff

Museum Collections

2010 - 2012

Date(s) Created: 2012 Date(s): 2012

Notes: Archives 2013.008.0004.01 being a continuation of text from page 3-34 to the end. ==== page 3-34 the vicinity of the project site (Marshall 1981). A survey conducted in support of planning for New Jersey Transit's ferry operations identified Castle Point as the location of an aboriginal settlement (Hobokan, or Hobokan-hackinge), and indicated that the bluffs along the waterfront on the point were sensitive for the presence of prehistoric resources, although the area had been much altered in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries (Hunter Research 1992). Work in support of a Waterfront Development Permit Application at the Maxwell House site, north of the project site, led to the identification of a variety of potential resources on that site (Cook and Modica 2003). Archaeological monitoring of demolition and construction on the site recorded a variety of waterfront and railroad-related resources (Cook 2006). Reports for several Waterfront Development Permit projects are present in the HPO files (Rothe Partnership 1988; Potomac-Hudson Environmental 2007), but it does not appear that these projects considered archaeological resources. Sewer projects have also resulted in a substantial body of work in the vicinity of the project site. Early survey work led Herbert Kraft (1979:10) to observe that the Palisades area of the state was virtually devoid of known prehistoric sites. A Phase IB sewer survey did not encounter archaeological resources in the vicinity of the project site (Rutsch and Leo 1979). A Phase IA survey for a combined sewer outfall project on the Hoboken waterfront (Pennington 1996) identified shoreline areas along Castle Point as having potential to contain prehistoric resources. Subsequent monitoring of construction at the H3 and H4 sewer outfalls, south of the project site, determined that the area had been subject to considerable filling, reworking, and disturbance as a result of nineteenth and twentieth century development (Cook 2004). Two telecommunications projects have been conducted in the vicinity of the project site (Zerbe et al. 2002; Carmelich et al. 2003). One of these project was on the property of Stevens Institute of Technology (Carmelich et al. 2003), but as neither project addressed archaeological resources, it does not add to our understanding of the project site. National/State Register of Historic Places According to the records at the HPO, no archaeological properties listed on or determined eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places (NR) lie in, or within one-half mile of, the project site. In 2009, the Hoboken Historical Museum filed a Preliminary Application for Certification of Eligibility with the HPO (Foster 2009). Consequently, Sybil's Cave was determined eligible for listing on the National and State Registers of Historic Places under Criterion A (COE: 5/13/2009; Saunders 2009). Sybil's Cave falls also within the limits of the Stevens Historic District (SHPO Opinion: 2/28/91). ==== page 4-1 SECTION 4.0 RESULTS 4.1 Assessment of Archaeological Sensitivity The waterfront between the Castle Point bluff and the Hudson River has been worked and reworked many times over the past two centuries. These reshaping activities began with the initial carving of Sybil's Cave out of the rough bluff face in the 1830's and have continued as recently as the 2007 date of the excavations that re-exposed the cave and the landscaping effort that created the pocket park that now stands to its fore. Over the course of this period, buildings, roadways, walkways, piers and railroad beds have been added to the landscape and then subsequently removed from it. The natural topography of the river bank has been reshaped through grading in some places and raised by the application of fill in others. Over time the deposition of fill has also shifted the river margin considerably further to the east of its pre-modification location. Clearly, each successive reinterpretation of the landscape has eliminated some evidence of past human use, but it remains unclear to what extent the archaeological record has been wiped clean. Significant archaeological data can survive even in the most densely built up and manipulated of urban environments. Clearly, there is no potential for prehistoric archaeological resources to survive within the cave, as it is not a natural feature and dates no earlier than the Stevens family ownership of the property on which it was located. The area surrounding the cave lies within the historic floodplain of the Hudson River. Prior to the degradation of the riverfront ecosystem during the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, this was a rich environment offering direct access to river and its copious supply of fish and nearly limitless beds of oysters. In addition to the brackish waters of the Hudson River, the area also offered a fresh water source in the form of the mineral spring which would have flowed from the rock at the current location of Sybil's Cave. Prior to the settlement of the surrounding lands by persons of European decent, the riverbank below the Castle Point bluff would have offered an excellent location for food procurement and processing camps. It can be anticipated to have been exploited extensively by indigenous aboriginal peoples. Due to the extent to which historic alteration of the landscape can be expected to have altered the ground surface in the vicinity of the cave, it is unlikely that extensive prehistoric archaeological resources survive intact. This does not preclude the possibility that isolated pockets of undisturbed soils containing evidence of prehistoric utilization survive in deeply buried contexts or along the margins of the most historically manipulated areas outside of Sybil's Cave. ==== page 4-2 During the most recent phase of ground disturbances, which were monitored by personnel from RGA, other than the cave, little archaeological evidence relating to the historic use of the property as a recreational facility was encountered. The most significant evidence that was unearthed was several fragments of the original proscenium entrance arch to the cave. However, little else was identified that could be directly tied to this period of the cave's past. Subsequent to the clearing of the cave's interior, the area fronting the cave has once again been reworked and turned into a landscaped park. The grading of the area, construction of park pathways, curbing and other infrastructure and the planting of trees and other vegetation, was not monitored by archaeologists. It is unclear to what extent these activities may have disturbed archaeological remains related to earlier periods of use. Although no evidence of the survival of historic archaeological resources, such as foundation remains or evidence of historic landscape features, was observed during the brief window that the archaeological monitoring of the re-excavation of the cave offered, the possibility still exists that such resources survive in the forecourt of the cave beneath the depth of the most recent disturbance. Any surviving remains historically associated with the original restaurant / refreshment building or with the later buildings and improvements associated with Fred Eckstein's period of proprietorship or with the final episode of the use of the site as a dockworkers' tavern and boarding house could possess archaeological significance depending on their type, extent, and integrity. Clearly, the most significant archaeological resource identified during these investigations is Sybil's Cave. The cave has been evaluated as being a New Jersey and National Register of Historic Places eligible resource associated with recreational development and tourism in the early nineteenth century. In addition to its basic form, the cave also shows evidence of the techniques employed in its original construction, and displays graffiti carved into its walls. 4.2 Archaeological Reconnaissance Sybil's Cave consists of an artificial grotto excavated into the hillside located on the west side of Frank Sinatra Drive in Hoboken, Hudson County, New Jersey (see Figures 1.1 and 1.2; Plate 4.1). The adjacent park area has been graded and planted with shrubs, and is surrounded by a decorative fence (Plate 4.2). A decorative entrance, similar in scale and style to the historical entrance to the cave, has been built in the park (Plate 4.3). The area on the hillside above and around the cave consists of exposed bedrock. Several retaining walls above the cave entrance buttress the grounds of the Stevens Institute of Technology campus (see Plate 4.1; Plate 4.4). ==== page 4-3 Plate 4.1: Overall view of Sybil's Cave, looking northwest. Photo view: Northwest Photographer: Lauren J. Cook Date: March 12, 2010 ==== page 4-4 Plate 4.2: Sybil's Cave, looking north. Photo view: North Photographer: Lauren J. Cook Date: March 12, 2010 ==== page 4-5 Plate 4.3: Sybil's Cave entrance, looking northwest. Photo view: Northwest Photographer: Lauren J. Cook Date: March 12, 2010 ==== page 4-6 Plate 4.4: Wall above Sybil's Cave, looking northwest. Photo view: Northwest Photographer: Lauren J. Cook Date: March 12, 2010 ==== page 4-7 A field visit to the cave was conducted on March 12, 2010. The entrance to the cave is 8.83 feet wide at the floor and 5.5 feet high. Traces of brickwork, probably associated with the entrance arch, were noted at the eastern end of the entrance. The cave measures approximately 20 feet by 17 feet (Figure 4.1). The ceiling arches to a height of 4.6-5.6 feet. Four columns are present near the center of the cave. These appear to be a mix of bedrock that was not excavated when the cave was built, and rough masonry that was cemented or mortared in place (Figure 4.2). Indistinct graffiti, probably left by cave visitors, is present on the southwest column. There is a carved reservoir, or cistern, approximately 2.4 x 2.6 feet, in the floor between the four columns. This reservoir was reportedly designed to collect groundwater that filters into the cave through cracks in the bedrock, and appears to be permanently filled with water. An arch has been carved into the bedrock above and between the two columns closest to the entrance (Plate 4.5). This decorative detail echoes the entrance arch that formerly stood outside the cave's entrance. Tool marks are visible there and in other locations within the cave (Plate 4.6) The floor of the interior of the cave, to the left and right of the entrance, has up to several feet of soil and rocks piled up (Plates 4.7 and 4.8). This material appears to have entered the cave when the entrance was filled. A geophysical report indicated that the cave would need structural stabilization in order to be opened to the public. The possibility exists that there is ongoing spalling of the cave's ceiling. Further engineering studies were recommended (Cheema and Pehrman 2011). An analysis of the water within the cistern revealed the presence of coliform bacteria in amounts that render it unsafe for drinking, but there is no indication that contact with it constitutes a health risk (Miller 2011; Cheema and Pehrman 2011). ==== page 4-8 Figure 4.1: Measured Sketch of the Interior of Sybil's Cave (Hoboken Building & Real Estate Collection, Hoboken Historical Museum) ==== page 4-9 Figure 4.2: Interior of Sybil's Cave, looking northwest (Photo: G. Paul Burnett, New York Times, June 27, 2007). ==== page 4-10 Plate 4.5: Carved arch within Cave, looking northwest. Photo view: Northwest Photographer: Lauren J. Cook Date: March 10, 2010 ==== page 4-11 Plate 4.6: Sybil's Cave looking southwest from cistern. Photo view: Southwest Photographer: Lauren J. Cook Date: March 12, 2010 ==== page 4-12 Plate 4.7: Fill within Cave, looking west from entrance. Photo view: West Photographer: Lauren J. Cook Date: March 12, 2010 ==== page 4-13 Plate 4.8: Fill within Cave, looking north from entrance. Photo view: North Photographer: Lauren J. Cook Date: March 12, 2010 ==== page 5-1 SECTION 5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS A preliminary determination of the likelihood that significant cultural resources occur within any given area is based upon a review of environmental and historical data and a close visual inspection of the project site. In light of available information it is deemed likely that areas both within the footprint of the cave and surrounding are sensitive for the presence of significant archaeological resources. The area surrounding area the cave has been assessed to possess a low to moderate sensitivity with regard to its likelihood to contain significant prehistoric archaeological resources (Figure 5.1). Archaeological investigation of the area is far more likely to yield important information about the recreational use of the cave as a landscape folly and mineral spring in the years between circa 1835 and circa 1885 and the later utilization of the site as a beer garden, dockworkers' tavern and boarding house between circa 1885 and circa 1930. Accordingly, further archaeological work is recommended to be conducted in conjunction with the present project, as detailed below. A detailed map of Sybil's Cave should be prepared prior to any additional work. This would be difficult using ordinary cartographic techniques. However, 3D Laser Scanning Technology, which is capable of rapidly processing millions of data points, should provide a cost-effective and accurate means of mapping the complex interior of the cave, and the Hoboken Historical Museum may wish to investigate its use for that purpose. Data gathered from such a survey could be used to generate a 3-dimensional model of the cave, using 3-D printers that would prove useful in interpreting the site to museum visitors. Graffiti is evident in places on the walls of the cave. Some of these may date to later periods in the history of the cave, but all of them should be photographically recorded and located to the fullest extent possible and located on plans of the cave. There is potential for significant archaeological resources and deposits in the cistern in the center of the cave. The cistern (or reservoir) appears to be permanently filled with water. There is high potential for resources within the cistern dating from the entire period of the cave's use. Preservation of organic materials, such as bone and wood in such an environment, is expected to be excellent. The Hoboken Historical Museum has been very careful not to disturb any deposits that might exist at the bottom of the cistern. Dewatering and excavation of the cistern should not occur until the Hoboken Historical Museum has engaged the services of a qualified conservator to preserve any material that might be present. Other deposits within the cave, except for those that may be present directly on the stone floor of the cave, do not appear to be archaeologically significant. Photographs from 1937 clearly show that there were no deposits of soil on the floor of the cave near the mouth at that time. This indicates ==== page 5-2 Figure 5.1: Sybil's Cave: Map of projected archaeological sensitivity. ==== page 5-3 that the deposits presently on the floor in that area, which may approach several feet in thickness, clearly postdate the 1930s, and thus should not, in themselves, be considered significant. It is possible, however, that these deposits may contain additional fragments of the entrance arch and other materials of potential interest. Removal of these deposits should entail examination of any sizeable fragments of serpentine for any evidence of carving or working, tool-marks, etc. These, and any bricks in the fill, should be saved, along with any other artifacts that are present (such as the bucket seen in Plate 4.7). Removal of deposits within the cistern should be conducted by archaeological professionals in consultation with qualified archaeological conservators with experience in conservation of waterlogged items. Removal of deposits elsewhere within the cave should be monitored or supervised by a qualified archaeological professional. Considerable information on the historic development of the zone between the cave and the Hudson River was gathered during the research phase of this project and has been utilized to produce mapping that shows areas within the zone that may possess historic archaeological sensitivity. The archaeological investigations conducted to date have not been sufficient to determine the degree to which these areas may have been impacted by previous episodes of ground disturbance, therefore, archaeological monitoring is recommended in the event that any future site improvement activities take place that could impact any archaeological deposits that may survive. Nineteenth and early twentieth century archaeological deposits within and immediately adjacent to the footprints of structures formerly associated with the recreational and restaurant/tavern use of the property (see Figure 5.1) would be of particular interest along with any construction data and floor plan information with regard to these no longer extant historic buildings and the original ornamental cave gateway arch. Sybil's Cave is a unique historical and archaeological resource. In recognition of this, the cave has been determined by the New Jersey Historic Preservation Officer to be individually eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion A. It may also have the potential to be a contributing resource to the National Register-eligible Stevens Historic District. It is recommended that Sybil's Cave be formally nominated to the New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places under National Register Criteria A, C and D. Listing Sybil's Cave on the New Jersey and National Registers will provide the resource with broader recognition of its historic significance and an expanded measure of protection. ==== page 6-1 SECTION 6.0 REFERENCES American Geological Institute 1976 Dictionary of Geological Terms. Revised Edition. Anchor Press/Doubleday, Garden City, New York. American Magazine of Useful and Entertaining Knowledge 1839 American Magazine of Useful and Entertaining Knowledge: 313-314. Carmelich, Julie P., Catherine B. Bull, and Aleah Dacey 2003 Cultural Resources Survey for the Verizon Wireless Stevens Institute of Technology Site #03VR001, Wesley J. Howe Building, Stevens Institute of Technology, Block 235, Lot 1, City of Hoboken, Hudson County, New Jersey, for Review under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act. Report on file, New Jersey State Historic Preservation Office, Trenton, New Jersey. [HUD AA301] Cave Exploration Service of New Jersey 1952 "Cybil's Cave", Hoboken Map & Guide Collection. Hoboken Historical Museum, Hoboken, New Jersey. Cheema, Saad, and Dane Pehrman 2011 Geotechnical Condition and Water Quality Analysis for Sybil's Cave. Draft memorandum dated January 7,2011, on file at the Hoboken Historical Museum, Hoboken, New Jersey. Child, Lydia Maria 1845 Letters from New York. C.S. Francis and Company, New York, New York. Collins, Beryl Robichaud, and Karl H. Anderson 1994 Plant Communities of New Jersey: A Study in Landscape Diversity. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey. Cook, Lauren J. 2004 Archaeological Monitoring for North Hudson Sewerage Authority, Solids/Floatables Removal Project, Package 3A (H3/H4/HIS S/F Facility and HSI Consolidation Conduit), City of Hoboken, Hudson County, New Jersey. Report on file, New Jersey State Historic Preservation Office, Trenton, New Jersey. 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Foster, Robert 2009 Preliminary Application for Certification of Eligibility; Sybil's Cave. On file, New Jersey State Historic Preservation Office, Trenton, New Jersey. Gignoux, Regis Francois, "View up the Hudson from Sibyl's Cave Hoboken" (engraved by William G. Jackman) c. 1842-1847. Gleason's Pictorial Drawing Room Companion 1852 "Sybil's Cave, at Hoboken, N.J." Gleason's Pictorial DrawingRoom Companion, June 19, 1852. p. 400. Hayden, Phillip A. 2005 Historic Background and Development of theMaxwell House Site, City of Hoboken, Hudson County, New Jersey. Report submitted to Maxwell Place on the Hudson, Hoboken, New Jersey. Heusser, Calvin J. 1998 Vegetational History of the Pine Barrens. In Pine Barrens: Ecosystem and landscape. Edward T. T. Forman, ed., pp. 215-227. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey. Historic Preservation Office 1994 Guidelines For Preparing Cultural Resources Management Archaeological Reports Submitted to the New Jersey Historic Preservation Office. On file, New Jersey State Historic Preservation Office, Trenton, New Jersey. ==== page 6-3 Hoboken Historical Museum n.d. Hoboken Buildings & Real Estate Collection, Hoboken, New Jersey. 1937 Newsclipping regarding the re-opening of Sybil's Cave, December, 1937. Julius Durstewitz Archive. Hoboken Reporter 2004 " Entrance to Hoboken cave unearthed flowing spring, brick wall, cobblestone floor found at site where Poe based story." December 19, 2004. Hopkins, G. M. 1909 Atlas of Hudson County, New Jersey: Volume 2. G. M. Hopkins & Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Hudson Dispatch 1937 Young Explorers 'Rediscover' Sybil's Cave". Article in December 14, 1937 Newspaper, Union City, New Jersey. Hunter Research 1992 New Jersey Transit Hudson River Waterfront AA/DEIS: Archaeological Resources Technical Backup Report. Report on file, New Jersey State Historic Preservation Office, Trenton, New Jersey. [HUD Z21h] Isaachsen, Y. W., E. Landing, J. M. Lauber, L. V. Rickard, and W. B. Rogers, eds. 2000 The Geology of New York: A Simplified Account. Second edition. New York State Museum Educational leaflet No. 28. The University of the State of New York, Albany, New York. Kraft, Herbert C. 1979 Cultural Resources Survey of the Hudson County Utilities Authority Facilities Plan-Area TTT, from Hoboken to Guttenberg, Hudson County, N.J. Report on file, New Jersey State Historic Preservation Office, Trenton, New Jersey. [HUD E73a] Lane, J. Wheaton 1939 From Indian Trail to Iron Horse: Travel and Transportation in New Jersey, 1620-1860. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. Loss, Charles 1817 Map of Col. Stevens Country Seat at Hoboken, June 28, 1817. New-York Historical Society, New York, New York. Maley, Terry S. 2005 Field Geology Illustrated. Second ed. Mineral land Publications, Boise, Idaho. 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C. 1998 After the Ice Age: The Return of life to Glaciated North America. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois. Potomac-Hudson Environmental 2007 Waterfront Development Permit Application: Compliance Statement for Relocation of Ferry from Pier 3 to 4, and Improvements to Pier 1, Hoboken, New Jersey. Report on file, New Jersey State Historic Preservation Office, Trenton, New Jersey. [HUD C725] Rosenzweig, Roy and Elizabeth Blackmar 1992 The Park and the People: A History of Central Park. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York. Rothe Partnership 1988 Grant Marina (Hoboken Shipyard), Hudson Street, Hoboken, New Jersey: Historic site Analysis for Waterfront Development Permit. Report on file, New Jersey State Historic Preservation Office, Trenton, New Jersey. [HUD C249] Rutsch, Edward S., and Ralph J. Leo, Jr. 1979 Stage IB Cultural Resource Survey for the Hudson County Sewerage Authority 201 Wastewater Facility Plan-District I, Jersey City, North Bergen, Secaucus, and Kearny. Report on file, New Jersey State Historic Preservation Office, Trenton, New Jersey. [HUD E14a] Sanborn Map Company 1906 Fire Insurance Maps of Hoboken, New Jersg, (corrected to 1938). Sanborn Map Company, New York, New York. 1906 Fire Insurance Maps of Hoboken, New Jersey (corrected to 1951). Sanborn Map Company, New York, New York. Sanborn-Perris Map Company 1891 Fire Insurance Maps of Hoboken, New Jersey. Sanborn -Perris Map Company, New York, New York. Saunders, Daniel D. 2009 Letter to Robert Foster, dated May 13, 2009. On file, New Jersey State Historic Preservation Office, Trenton, New Jersey. Schuberth, Christopher J. 1968 The Geology of New York City and Environs. The Natural History Press, Garden City, New York. ==== page 6-5 Schuster, S (igusmund). [sic - Sigismond] c. 1865 "Sybil's Cave on the Hudson" and "Restaurant near Sybil's Cave." Hoboken Arts & Artists Collection. Hoboken Historical Museum. Hoboken, New Jersey. Shaw, William H. 1884 History of Essex and Hudson Counties, New Jersey. Everts and Peck, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. "Sibyl's Cave,- Hoboken" Ladies Wreath and Illustrated Annual 2 (1848-9); 360. "Sibyl's Cave at Hoboken, N.J." Gleason's Pictorial Drawing Room Companion 2 (June 19 1852): 400. Skinner, Alanson, and Max Schrabisch 1913 A Preliminary Report of the Archaeological Survey of New Jersey. Geological Survey of New Jersey, Bulletin 9. MacCrellish and Quigley, State Printers, Trenton, New Jersey. Srebnick, Amy Gilman 1995 The Mysterious Death of Mary Rogers: Sex and Culture in Nineteenth-Centuiy New York. Oxford University Press, New York, New York. Stevens, Basil (Stevens Scrapbook) n.d. "Notes on Hoboken Scrapbook." Stevens Family Papers (MG 409), New Jersey Historical Society, Newark, New Jersey. 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Valentine, D.T. 1862 Manual of the Corporation of the City of New York, New York, New York. Virgil. "Aeneid." Great Literature Online. 1997-2012; http:/ /virgil.classicauthors.net/Aeneid/Aeneidl7 (15 May, 2012). ==== page 6-6 Wade, William 1845 Wade and Groome's Panorama of the Hudson River from New York to Albany. J. Disturnell, New York, New York. Walter, E. F. 1880 Cybil's Cave and River Walk in 1880, Hoboken, N.J. E. F. Walter, Hoboken, ... [truncated due to length]